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In the survival analyses, we first estimated all-cause mortality for the overall sample and then split the sample by sex and analyzed all-cause mortality for men and women ined the association of food insecurity with cause-specific mortality for the overall sample. We used Statistics Canada’s sample weights to compute sample characteristics by CCHS respondents’ vital status. We also applied weights to compute average age at interview and age at death by food insecurity status. We conducted sensitivity tests on all-cause mortality to ensure that findings were not driven by weights, outliers, missing values, sampling bias or choice of measurements; results resembled those from the main analyses. All analyses were done with 2-sided confidence intervals using Stata SE 15.1. Coefficients with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Abilities

The analytic sample consisted of 3 390 500 person-years from 510 010 adults. A total of 25 460 adults died before age 83 years between CCHS interview and (Table 1). The 484 550 respondents who did not die prematurely by 2017 and the 25 460 who died prematurely by 2017 represented, respectively, 267 331 000 and 8 488 000 noninstitutionalized Canadian adults aged 18–82 years with valid food insecurity statuspared with adults who did not die prematurely, those who did were less likely to be food secure and more likely to be male, older, smokers, chronically ill and with low income and education (p < 0.05 for all).

The crude mortality rate – number of deaths per 100 000 person-years – was higher for adults experiencing more severe food insecurity: 736 for food-secure adults compared with 752, 834 and 1124 for their marginally, moderately and severely food-insecure counterparts, respectively (Table 2). About 68% of premature deaths were potentially avoidable among food-secure adults; the comparable figures Farmers singles dating site were 72%, 72% and 75% among their marginally, moderately and severely food-insecure counterparts, respectively. Noncommunicable diseases accounted for 90% (22 460) of total deaths, including 91% of deaths among food-secure adults and 84% of deaths among food-insecure adults. However, the share of food-insecure adults was proportionally higher among those who died from communicable diseases and injuries (19.5%) versus noncommunicable diseases (11.8%). Food-insecure adults also died earlier. The mean age at death was 68.9 years for food-secure adults compared with 64.4, 62.7 and 59.5 years for marginally, moderately and severely food-insecure adults, respectively (Table 3; p < 0.0001 for all, compared with food-secure adults).

All-result in mortality

Marginal, moderate and severe food insecurity was associated with 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51–1.73), 1.96 (95% CI 1.86–2.07) and 3.25 (95% CI 3.04–3.48) times higher mortality hazard after adjusting for respondents’ sex and age at interview (Table 4; Appendix 7, available at The magnitude of the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) decreased after further controlling for baseline health and socioeconomic status, but the associations remained significant at p < 0.05 for all levels of food insecurity, with adjusted HR being 1.10, 1.11 and 1.37 for marginal, moderate and severe food insecurity, respectively. Sensitivity tests confirmed that findings on all-cause mortality were not driven by outliers, missing records, sampling bias, weights or choice of measurements (Appendix 8, available at The association between food insecurity and all-cause mortality hazard was similar for men and women (Appendix 9, available at